韋森精煉損耗：原油中所含的所有雜質(zhì)占羊毛套管的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)，這是石油加工技術(shù)人員已知的名詞短語(yǔ)。韋森是美國(guó)杰出的石油化學(xué)家，煉油技術(shù)的先驅(qū)，美國(guó)石油化學(xué)家協(xié)會(huì)的創(chuàng)始人之一。1899年，韋森發(fā)明了一種去除棉籽油氣味的方法，生產(chǎn)出**代亞麻籽油。棉籽油作為棉花產(chǎn)業(yè)的副產(chǎn)品，價(jià)格低廉。由于韋森的發(fā)明，棉籽油成為20世紀(jì)初美國(guó)*受歡迎的食用油。所有的石油加工技術(shù)人員都知道一個(gè)名詞，wesson refining loss:羊毛套筒中原油所含所有雜質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)。韋森是美國(guó)杰出的油化學(xué)家，煉油技術(shù)的先驅(qū)，美國(guó)油化學(xué)家協(xié)會(huì)的創(chuàng)始人之一。1899年，韋森發(fā)明了一種去除棉籽油氣味的方法，生產(chǎn)了**代棉籽油作為原料。棉籽油作為棉花產(chǎn)業(yè)的副產(chǎn)品，價(jià)格低廉，威森的發(fā)明使棉籽油成為20世紀(jì)初美國(guó)*受歡迎的食用油。

威森出生于1861年1月14日。他在紐約布魯克林的一所公立學(xué)校接受早期教育。他畢業(yè)于麻省理工學(xué)院(MIT)，獲得理學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位，并在那里擔(dān)任化學(xué)教授的助理。

box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Wesson was born on January 14, 1861. He received his early education in a public school in Brooklyn, New York. He graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) with a bachelor of science degree, where he served as an assistant to a professor of chemistry.

此后不久，Wesson開始對(duì)油脂感興趣，當(dāng)時(shí)他擔(dān)任了伊利諾斯州芝加哥N.K. Fairbanks公司的首席化學(xué)家。1890年，W.J. Wilcox收購(gòu)了N.K. Fairbanks公司，Wesson被調(diào)到新澤西州的Gutenberg，擔(dān)任首席化學(xué)家。Fairbanks公司是美國(guó)Wilcox油脂公司的一個(gè)分分司，從1890年到1895年雇傭了Wesson。到1893年，Wesson為公司已經(jīng)開發(fā)了兩種起穌油產(chǎn)品，以哥倫布和玻利瓦爾（Columbus 和 Bolivar）的名字命名。

Soon thereafter, Wesson became interested in fats and soaps when he was the chief chemist of N.K. Fairbanks in Chicago, Illinois, a manufacturer of animal-based oils. Generally speaking, these products include 8 parts oleostearin, 38 parts cottonseed oil and 60 parts lard. They were so successful in the market that Fairbanks gave up making pure lard. In 1890, W.J. Wilcox acquired N.K. Fairbanks, and Wesson was transferred to Gutenberg, New Jersey, as the chief chemist. Fairbanks is a branch of the Wilcox Grease Company in the United States, which hired Wesson from 1890 to 1895. However, it seems that some products were sold under the name Fairbanks until 1919. By 1893, Wesson had developed two oil products for the company, named after Columbus and Bolivar.

后來他建立了自己的實(shí)驗(yàn)室，1900年開始生產(chǎn)可食用棉籽油的時(shí)候，Wesson以Wesson加工公司名義經(jīng)營(yíng)，他也成為南方棉籽油公司技術(shù)部門的經(jīng)理。到了1900年冬天，開始生產(chǎn)“Wesson 油”。這一過程的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵部分是除臭技術(shù)。1845年首次報(bào)道了油脂的脫臭，當(dāng)時(shí)用高壓蒸汽處理加熱到110度的棕櫚油。到1891年，Ekstein，F(xiàn)airbanks公司一個(gè)員工,成功脫臭棉籽油，在340°F通入高壓蒸汽，在封閉的油罐頂部排出蒸汽和氣味。

Later, Wesson opened a bicycle factory and established its own laboratory. When edible cottonseed oil was produced in 1900, Wesson started a new business. Operating under the name of Wesson Processing Company, Wesson also became the manager of the technical department of Southern Cottonseed Oil Company. In the winter of 1900, the production of "Wesson Oil" began at the Savannah plant in Georgia. A key part of this process is the development of appropriate deodorization technology. Although the method of treating cottonseed oil with Fuller's clay eliminates the color problem, there are still difficulties in removing odor/taste, which severely restricts the use of cottonseed oil. Deodorization of fats and oils was first reported in 1845, when palm oil heated to 110 degrees was treated with high-pressure steam. By 1891, Ekstein, an employee of Fairbanks, had successfully deodorized cottonseed oil, passed high-pressure steam at 340°F, and discharged steam and odors on the top of a closed oil tank.

在Ekstein離開Fairbanks之后，James Boyce做了更多的改進(jìn)。Wesson通過在真空中進(jìn)行操作，*終改善了除臭的效果。避免過熟的風(fēng)味，并產(chǎn)生了優(yōu)良的風(fēng)味和氧化穩(wěn)定性。

After Ekstein left Fairbanks, James Boyce made more improvements. However, Wesson eventually improved its deodorization by operating in a vacuum. Overripe flavor is avoided and excellent flavor and oxidation stability are obtained.

Wesson似乎是**個(gè)油脂化學(xué)家(1887)組織一個(gè)質(zhì)量控制實(shí)驗(yàn)室對(duì)棉籽產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)檢查，他是**個(gè)為棉籽廠經(jīng)營(yíng)者建立物理審計(jì)方法的人。Wesson是一位多產(chǎn)的作家，他撰寫了大量的文章，包括工業(yè)和工程化學(xué)，美國(guó)化學(xué)工程師學(xué)會(huì)的學(xué)報(bào)，以及化學(xué)工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)的期刊，以及各種油脂工業(yè)的行業(yè)雜志。他對(duì)該行業(yè)的許多貢獻(xiàn)包括一種確定中性油得率的方法，即Wesson精煉損失測(cè)試；測(cè)定油色澤的方法；以及介紹除臭、加氫、脫色和溶劑浸出食用油的出版物。Wesson擔(dān)任《油脂和肥皂》（Oil and Soap）雜志的副主編。他是美國(guó)化學(xué)工程師學(xué)會(huì)的會(huì)員，在1919- 1920年擔(dān)任這個(gè)協(xié)會(huì)的主席。

Wesson appears to have been the first grease chemist (1887) to organize a quality control laboratory for systematic inspection of cottonseed products, and he was the first to establish a physical audit method for cottonseed plant operators. Wesson is a prolific author of numerous articles including industrial and engineering chemistry, the journal of the American Society of Chemical Engineers, and the journals of the Chemical Industry Association, as well as trade journals of the various oil and grease industries. Many of his contributions to the industry include a method for determining neutral oil yield, known as the Wesson refining loss test; Method for determining oil colour and lustre; And publications on deodorization, hydrogenation, decolorization, and solvent leaching of edible oils. Wesson is associate editor of Oil and Soap magazine. He was a member of the American Society of Chemical Engineers and served as its president from 1919 to 1920.

Wesson是植物油行業(yè)的有力捍衛(wèi)者，由于當(dāng)時(shí)通過的立法，與黃油/乳制品行業(yè)相比植物油處于劣勢(shì)。1886年通過的一項(xiàng)聯(lián)邦法律要求所有的豬油和其他脂肪混合物標(biāo)記為“化合物”，而不是“精制豬油”，以防止摻假。1931年，在一個(gè)眾議院關(guān)于人造黃油的立法會(huì)議上，Wesson回憶說，在1886年法案下，他分析的一種人造黃油的樣本，是一種不適合人類食用的變質(zhì)黃油。Wesson還指出，在通過了人造黃油法之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)超出屠宰的豬所得到的量的豬油被運(yùn)出芝加哥。調(diào)查顯示，棉籽油和硬脂酸被添加到純豬油中，并作為精煉豬油出售。黃油行業(yè)多年來一直受到法律的保護(hù)，禁止在人造黃油中使用色素。Wesson向眾議院委員會(huì)指出，黃油的顏色受飲食和季節(jié)的影響。在冬天，奶牛用谷物、干草和稻草喂養(yǎng)產(chǎn)生白色的黃油，而在初夏，那些靠綠色牧場(chǎng)喂養(yǎng)的奶牛會(huì)生產(chǎn)出金黃色的黃油。他認(rèn)為，為了讓消費(fèi)者不被欺騙，所有含有人工色素的食品都應(yīng)該被同等地征稅。

Wesson was a strong defender of the vegetable oil industry, which was at a disadvantage to the butter/dairy industry because of legislation passed at the time. A federal law passed in 1886 required all lard and other fat mixtures to be labeled "compounds" rather than "refined lard" to prevent adulteration. In 1931, during a House of Representatives legislative session on margarine, Wesson recalled that a sample of margarine he analyzed under the 1886 Act was a bad butter unfit for human consumption. The average person thinks these types of products are typical margarine, organic products. Made from oleic acid, neutral lard and refined cottonseed oil, it's sweet, and food experts agree that it's a healthy food and a valuable diet, especially for those who can't afford butter. Wesson also noted that after the margarine method was passed, it was found that more lard than the slaughtered pigs got was shipped out of Chicago. The investigation showed that cottonseed oil and stearic acid were added to pure lard and sold as refined lard. The butter industry has been protected by law against the use of pigments in margarine for years. Wesson pointed out to the House committee that butter color is influenced by diet and season. In winter, cows fed grain, hay, and straw produce white butter, while in early summer, those raised on green pastures produce golden butter. He argues that all foods containing artificial colors should be taxed equally in order to keep consumers from being cheated.

參與美國(guó)油脂化學(xué)家協(xié)會(huì)（AOCS)的組建

在大衛(wèi)·威森自己的話語(yǔ)中，對(duì)AOCS的成立情況進(jìn)行了描述:

“在早期的棉籽業(yè)務(wù)，當(dāng)棉籽壓榨廠舉行了一年一度會(huì)議的慣例，在這些會(huì)議中可以發(fā)現(xiàn)許多化學(xué)家的感興趣的工作是嚴(yán)格注意規(guī)則委員會(huì)的審議，這是一個(gè)非常八卦的團(tuán)體，商界領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人組成的本應(yīng)是頒布棉籽加工的產(chǎn)品的規(guī)則。參加這些會(huì)議的化學(xué)家的主要職責(zé)是向他們的雇主提供各種測(cè)試對(duì)交易的影響。有一次午餐時(shí)，幾家領(lǐng)先的公司的化學(xué)家自由地討論了某些方法，并得知他們都在使用完全相同的程序，并且了解了相同的事實(shí)。1909年5月18日至20日，在孟菲斯舉行的國(guó)際棉籽壓榨者協(xié)會(huì)會(huì)議上，一小群代表不同工廠和商業(yè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的化學(xué)家舉行了非正式會(huì)議。大家一致同意，棉花油化學(xué)家的組織將促進(jìn)相互感情，允許在統(tǒng)一分析方法的發(fā)展方面進(jìn)行更密切的合作，并為棉籽油工業(yè)的利益提供一種研究工作的手段。臨時(shí)組織的結(jié)果是任命了一個(gè)委員會(huì)來起草法規(guī)和章程。在1910年的小石城會(huì)議上，協(xié)會(huì)以“棉籽產(chǎn)品分析師”的名義組織起來。

Participated in the formation of the American Association of Oleochemists (AOCS)

In David Wesson’s own words, he described the establishment of AOCS:

"In the early cottonseed business, when the cottonseed crushing plant held annual meetings, it was found that many chemists were interested in strictly paying attention to the deliberations of the Rules Committee. This is a very gossip group. The business leaders are supposed to promulgate the rules for cottonseed processing products. The main responsibility of the chemists participating in these meetings is to provide their employers with various tests on the impact of transactions. There is no doubt that the chemists participating in these meetings Be vigilant to new and improved methods, and use their advantages for the benefit of their company. These are relatively crude test methods, and most chemists’ efforts are in the evaluation of oil production and refining methods. This It was before the day of real cooperation. I saw several chemists chatting together. Everyone wanted to say as little as possible, what to learn from their peers. This is a common sight. Their working methods have ridiculous secrets. When it is believed that all people have access to the same literature and trade practices. The author remembers that during lunch, chemists from several leading companies freely discussed certain methods and learned that they were all using exactly the same Procedures, and learned the same facts. From May 18 to 20, 1909, at the International Cottonseed Squeezers Association meeting in Memphis, a small group of chemists representing different factories and commercial laboratories held an informal meeting. It was agreed that the organization of cotton oil chemists would promote mutual affection, allow closer cooperation in the development of unified analytical methods, and provide a means of research work for the benefit of the cottonseed oil industry. The result of the provisional organization is appointment A committee was formed to draft regulations and articles of association. At the Little Rock meeting in 1910, the association was organized under the name of "Cottonseed Product Analyst".The name was chosen because few of us have received real chemistry education , And only received the training of laboratory assistants, mainly to do routine tests.

美國(guó)油脂化學(xué)家協(xié)會(huì)前12任主席，攝于1921年。

前排左二：David Wesson

The 12 former presidents of the American Association of Oleochemists, taken in 1921.

Front row second from left: David Wesson

Wesson于1934年5月22日去世，他的訃告出現(xiàn)在6月的《油脂與肥皂》雜志上。訃告說:“作為一個(gè)男人，Wesson博士非常民主，而且有很強(qiáng)的幽默感。”他總是樂于幫助行業(yè)中的年輕人解決各種問題。威森博士受到了所有認(rèn)識(shí)他的人的愛戴，他的朋友、我們的社會(huì)和整個(gè)行業(yè)都遭受了巨大的損失。

Wesson is an avid sailor, he owns a sailboat, and he sails in Banat Bay. He died on May 22, 1934. The industry mourned his death, and his obituary appeared in the June issue of Grease and Soap. The obituary said: "As a man, Dr. Wesson is very democratic and has a strong sense of humor." He is always happy to help young people in the industry solve various problems. Dr. Wesson is loved by everyone who knows him. His friends, our society and the industry have suffered huge losses.

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